Intra-Racial Discrimination

Krystal LopezPage 1 10/23/11 Hispanics Vs. Hispanics: Inter-racial Discrimination Many Americans believe that racial discrimination is no longer problematic in today's society. Situations of interracial discrimination are often cited, but this does not to take into account that there is often conflict within the race as well. This misconception stems from the fact that diversity amongst the racial groups is often overlooked. Intra-racial discrimination is when a person or group of people of the same race use factors including, but not limited to, socioeconomic background, appearance, and kin color. Social or workplace hierarchies often develop under racial influence. Hostilities and tensions can reside in every race of minority, but it is highly apparent in the Hispanic community. Intra-racial discrimination has far reaching effects on not only the individual minority, but on the race as a whole. The pressure of this type of discrimination affects how Hispanics collaborate within a s ociety of American superiority. For instance, people of Hispanic descent who do not speak Spanish are often mistreated by people of their own, ethnic background. These people might be found ulturally lacking and treated differently from those that speak the language. The differences within a specific race are nothing more than that. They are purely genetic or cultural, and do not hold any value. It becomes a matter of cultural perception of what is expected rather than an actual cultural lack. Typically among Hispanics and other ethnic minorities, discrimination is an increasing actuality witnessed even in the workplace. With the Hispanic population growing rapidly, along with their increasing numbers of employment, it is becoming more apparent that inter and intra-racial iscrimination will target them as both victims and perpetrators. A hierarchy, or pecking order between races and within races, and biased management are some of prime examples of workplace inequalities. Situations like these occur because of the lack of people's understanding of diversity. Page 2 Discrimination is also prevalent within a race as seen in how some believe that varying skin tones is cause for racial disparity. With a wide array of skin tones, Hispanics believe they are easily targeted for ridicule and mistreatment. Even within their own race, some believe that lighter skin tones rovide them much more opportunities, and can help them to be more successful in a white dominated community. More opportunities were provided for those with lighter skin. Not only do Hispanics in America face more discrimination in regards to their outer appearance, they also deal with the constant battle of being accused that they are not being ethnic enough, or being too â€Å"Americanized† and not keeping their culture and traditions alive. Part of the Hispanic population across the Mexican border feel that American Hispanics are â€Å"traitors† to their thnicity because they have denied themselves their rich, historical culture and thus abandoned their roots. Some Non-White Hispanics discriminate against their own race, not because of any physical differences, but because of the similarities they share. Some identify with whites to such an extent, that they believe they are white themselves. Ultimately, being discriminated against can lead to the shameful denial of one's self and their heritage, in hopes of becoming a more easily accepted member of a predominantly White America. Their wish is to assimilate into the culture and to â€Å"fit in†. In the article, Raising the Status of the Cashier, Agius and Lee report on their findings while observing the interaction between Hispanic cashiers born in another country and their white customers. The results of their three month long observations and their twenty interviews, was very surprising. La Canasta is an ethnic market catering to the Hispanic population in the area. When it was originally proposed for that area, local communities tried to stop it from being put in. The employees are all Hispanic and the cashiers are all Hispanic females that were born in another country and do not speak Page 3 English. Due to the fact that this store caters to the Hispanic population, it was interesting to learn that over a period of time, the white customer base actually jumped dramatically. What the researchers found even more interesting was the fact that the Hispanic cashiers actually treated the white customers better than the Hispanic ones. The cashiers thanked the white customers on an average three times compared to one on the Hispanic customers. They spent more time and lingered on the sale with the white customer. The Hispanic cashiers tended to be more friendly and smile with the white customers. These findings went against the findings of previous research under McCormick and Kinloch (1986). This research indicated that it was more about the racial situation between whites and Hispanics rather than the race of the cashier. This was not the case at La Canasta. It appeared that the cashiers went the extra mile for their white guests. Even though, it was impossible to verbally communicate, the cashiers would joke with the white customers more than the Hispanic ones. When asked why they went to this specific store, the white guests indicated that they liked being the only hite person in the store and receiving personalized attention. When the cashiers were asked about the diverse background visiting the store, they all indicated that there was a fair percentage of white people. When asking the white customers, they all indicated that they were the only white people in the store even if there were other white people in the store at that very time. La Canasta shows that their can be discrimination within the same race. â€Å"The cashiers do not resent their White customers†¦ and accept their place in the social hierarchy† (Agius & Lee, 214). It appears that the cashiers felt that there was a growth in social status by helping the white customers. Thus, consciously or subconsciously, they treated the white customers better than their own nationality. The cashiers believe that â€Å"their presence alone raises their status† (Agius & Lee, 215). They are not just cashiers, but cashiers that serve white customers. Page 4 Discrimination has been around for thousands of years. It seeps into all societies and often changes rational men to irrational. It is not just between two races; it knows no bounds or restrictions. Within a culture, there can be discrimination. It can be based upon the slight shade in a skin tone, to the perception that one's race may elevate social status. It covers all facets of a culture from customs to speaking the language. Diversity within the Hispanic culture provides many outlets for discrimination of all kinds. It is just as destructive intra-racially as it is inter-racially. Works Cited Jody A. Agius and Jennifer Lee, â€Å"Raising the Status of the Cashier: Latina-White Interactions in an Ethnic Market,† 18/10/201: 27 pages, Springer

Wanda Why Aren’t You Dead

Tiffany Anderson Dr. Zubeck English 110 â€Å"Wanda Why Aren't You Dead† A poem is a composition of emotional language or expression artists incorporate into their form of art. Poetry can be extremely emotional coming from the artist. The poem â€Å"Wanda Why Aren't You Dead† by Wanda Coleman focuses on an African American woman who is degraded and belittled by the people she associates with. It shows just how damaging words can truly be when used to hurt a person. Wanda Why Aren't You Dead† is about Wanda's struggling with the people around her and their harsh opinions about her, however maintaining her identity and becoming stronger by the end of the poem. Wanda, being a poet, expresses her feelings into this poem and does a phenomenal job at it. It allows the readers to feel what the protagonist feels and share in her sadness. Coleman's protagonist undergoes internal conflict within herself due to the bullying she experiences from others. They batter her name a round and disrespect her constantly, shown by the repetition of the name Wanda.The voices in the poem point out her imperfections, annoy her, support her insecurities, and antagonize her in any way they can. Wanda has no good features, according to the busybodies in the poem. Wanda is scrutinized for her appearance and any other noticeable aspect she has. The meddlers ask her constantly why she does or does not look a certain way. For example, one says, â€Å"why don't you lose weight† (5) While another says, â€Å"how come your feet are so goddamn big† (7). These small insults amplify as the poem progresses.They become more malicious and cruel. She relives these hurtful judgements recurrently throughout the poem. Throughout the poem, Wanda is told numerous hurtful and malicious things about herself. Wanda has been verbally and probably physically abused on more than one occasion. The questions they ask her are not actually questions, they are verbal attacks. The torme ntors do not want an answer, they solely wish to hurt Wanda. They question who she is, her appearance, her well-being, and even her existence.Her tormentors stereotype her for being black, they include her in the fabrication that all black women behave the same and are alike. One example, â€Å"what is it like being black† (10) questions her identity as a black woman, as if she can speak on behalf of the entire race. The insults poke at her continuously throughout the poem. They disrespect her family, personality, her intellect, and her integrity. These harsh statements do not affect not what Wanda believes about herself. They are the voices of people who know her that are saying what they think about her.But, she beats herself up with the harsh memories of the comments made towards her. The meddlers could be anyone in her community: friends, family, even strangers. They pick out any visible flaw about her and throw it in her face. They feed her insecurities and add on to the m. The readers can even feel pity towards Wanda because she is being brought down. Camille Paglia, a literary critic, touches this topic of Wanda conquering over the abuse she endures in her analysis of the poem, stating: â€Å"The wonder is that she survives and thrives† (8. ) due to the fact that one of Wanda's meddlers asks her, â€Å"i wonder / why ain't you dead† (28-29). She fights off all of their bad judgments on her and she remains her own person. They ask Wanda more than once during the poem why she is so angry and defensive. One tormentor states, â€Å"wanda you're ALWAYS on the attack† (25). Wanda is defensive to protect herself from any damage their harsh words could inflict on her. All the annoyances and comments throughout the poem do not matter to her anymore; the reader of this poem can tell as the tone and language changes in the poem right at the ending.The poem turns from its attacking tone to a more apologetic. One line, â€Å"wanda I didn' t know I was hurting you / that was an accident† (18-19) shows that at some point someone began to see they were hurting wanda and felt remorse for it. Camille Paglia's analysis of the poem points out specific details about Wanda. She points out Wanda's lifestyle and other aspects of her was well. Paglia gives her view of the meddlers and their intentions of the mean comments they make towards Wanda. She says that wanda is â€Å"an individual pitted against the tyranny of the group† (4. ). Wanda is an individual who is being attacked and pointed out by others. She is continuously judged because of her outer appearance and even her preference of men. Paglia also mentions Wanda's reaction to her bullies. Instead of Wanda breaking and consuming herself in all the vulgar things said to her, she regains control and maintains her individuality. In her analysis of the poem, she states, â€Å"when the worst can be said, reality seems less harsh. † Wanda overlooks and dis regards all the comments thrown at her and stays herself regardless.Wanda revolts from her tormentors' harsh views of her and proves them wrong, however she remains the same by the end of the poem showing she refuses to change to please anyone. Once Wanda makes it clear she is fighting back at the statements said to her, it sets a different tone in the poem. The poem now shows that Wanda has won victory over her bullies and becomes a stronger woman. She is finally her own person who does not listen to what people say about her. By the end of the poem, Wanda is her own person and comes out on top. She proves her tormentors wrong and does not change.She does not believe she is any of the things said about her. She does not want to be molded into any of the things suggested to her, she would rather disregard the harsh judgements and be her own woman. The statement, â€Å"why ain't you dead† (27) clearly shows that the poet is still alive, she has survived all the criticism and h urt. But, she is stronger than she was before which leaves the tormentors wondering how she has done it. Wanda gives the poem life by disregarding and looking over the criticism thrown at her and being her own person, despite the meddlers' attempts to break her.

Exercises in the ambulance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exercises in the ambulance - Essay Example I would need to be thoroughly and constantly motivated in order to best deal with these situations, particularly considering that an emergency demands that I be in top form. Organization. Organization is important for a paramedic. When you are organized then you can treat patients more quickly. For example: When arriving at the accident spot where 2 people have been involved in an accident, I am first on the spot therefore need to quickly assess the situation and what I can best do to help. I need to determine whom is the most hurt and in which places in order to know who to treat first and who gets treated last. Organization helps keep me and others (my patients or assistant) calm, as well as helping me focus on the most important tasks. Using support: A person’s injuries might sometimes be life threatening. I might not have time to transport him or her to hospital, making it necessary that I conduct the required life-interventions on the spot. This might be traumatic for me, or the person might die despite my greatest efforts. These and other instances would make it easier for me to have a supervisor and/ or teacher that would assist me (someone whom I can talk cases over with) and family and friends whom I can share the pain with. Realistic expectations – Since I am the ‘doctor on the go’ and perhaps the only one in the situation, I must be prepared to deal with any possible situation. This could involve: CPR, assisting with childbirth, or using EKGs or X-ray devices. Reflect on their experience. Experience helps me become more confident and relaxed about my work. On the other hand, if I become too confident I might become too smug and make mistakes, therefore, it would help me to always reflect on situations that have occurred and ask myself where I did well and how I can do better. Strategic thinking. This means that I need to

Court Observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Court Observation - Essay Example I also provide a critical reflection upon my experience in court outlining the relevant concepts discussed in Courts and Criminal Law. On the entrance of court the guards asked me to empty out my pockets, open my jacket and then pass through the metal detectors. As I walked around the court building, I also observed that there were guards for safety measures at every exit door and they made sure no one entered; only exited. There were also Police Officers in most of the courtrooms I looked into. In my opinion, security measures were very good at this location and I felt very safe. The building itself was ordinary, nothing to fancy. The outside of it looked like any other building in San Diego and it was hard to tell what the building was without knowing. The inside was the same, very ordinary. The staff was very helpful. When I first walked into the building, I walked over to the receptionists desk, which was surrounded by bulletproof glass, and told her who I was and why I was there. She then told me that I was welcome to sit in on any of the hearings going on that morning as long as it was all right with the judge/referee. She also told me that there were courtrooms on the first three floors. I decided to go to the third floor because the first two were crowded. As I was walking through the hall, I was looking into the different courtrooms to see if anything was going on. Finally I looked into one of the last courtrooms and saw someone I recognized, not a student, but the judge. I couldnt remember where I knew him from, but I recognized him from somewhere. I walked in and told him who I was and asked if he would mind if I sat in on the hearings he had today. He told me that he had no problem with it and that there would be a pre-trial today. He introduced himself to me and began to tell me some things about his background. Inside the courtroom, the lighting was adequate and for the two pre trials I observed, the seating was adequate

Marketing plan for Air Canada Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing plan for Air Canada - Coursework Example SWOT analysis of Air Canada has been conducted in this paper. With the help of SWOT analysis strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the firms are highlighted. Air Canada performs its business operations and functions in a very competitive industry. Many strong players are present in the airline industry of USA. The study highlights that the competitor companies are creating strong pressure on Air Canada. For this reason Air Canada is developing its business processes and services for holding its positing in the competitive market. Company analysis has been done in this paper. The customer base of Air Canada has been discussed in details. Upcoming product and marketing objectives of the Air Canada have been analysed in this study. Air Canada is one of the largest airline companies in Canada. This airline company was founded in 1936. Air Canada deals with charter and scheduled air transport. It covers 178 destinations of the world. At present Air Canada is ninth largest passenger airline based on fleet size. The company has its headquarters in Montreal, Quebec. This firm is the founding member of Start Alliance. Air Canada was initially owned by the federal government of Canada. The airline market of Canada was deregulated 1980s. In 1988 the company Air Canada was privatised. The major accusation done by Air Canada is acquiring Canadian Airlines which enhanced the growth and development of the company. Presently Air Canada serves 35 million passengers throughout the year. It has a strong air transport network through the world. With strong mission, vision and values the company is able to perform its business activities and functions efficiently. The mission of Air Canada is to connect Canada with the world. The company facilitates the people in moving from one place to another by bringing them together and enriching their experiences. The firm aims to establish connection

Managing Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Managing Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example al behavior motivational strategies that encourage individual or team responsibility for work performance and quality can be said to have the interests of their employees at heart. The paper emphasizes on the motivational techniques applied by the organization, the expectations of the management and the impact of these actions on the employees as well as the organizational productivity. Organizations strive to ensure that employees are aware of the organizational goals to enhance coordination in the workplace. The management tasks are made easy when employees are motivated through understanding the organizational goals. The goal theory postulates that people are motivated when they realize the expectations of the organization (Hitt et al. 2005). It requires that goals are set and employees adequately informed regarding the cause of action and also receive feedback appropriately. However, the question that arises is whether motivating the employees through goal setting is actually on humanistic basis or it is for the benefit of the organization. In essence, the goal of venturing in business is to generate profits for the organization. Employees are facilitators of the accomplishment of organizational goals. Their skills and commitment are required for the organization to remain competent in the operating environment. It is therefore prudent for managers to ensure th at they promote a shared vision, which encourages the employees to own organizational goals. Once they own the goals and increase productivity, the organization gains in terms of profitability and therefore it is capable of offering better compensation packages. From this perspective, the employees are also portrayed as beneficiaries of motivation. In essence, there is usually a reciprocal relationship between the employer and the employees. If the organization does not perform well in the market, there can not be enough finances to cater for employees’ needs. Motivation through reward schemes is also

Pros and Cons of Asynchronous Collaboration Essay

Pros and Cons of Asynchronous Collaboration - Essay Example A key disadvantage with asynchronous communication does have his limits. For instance, it is not very keen in providing data integrity as it is not reliable in transmission. Since one device transmits and the other device just receives, data can be lost until picked up by a higher device. Synchronous or â€Å"agree timing through a wire† is beneficial because it tends to synchronize data as both initiate their numeric counters, which ensures data integrity. In addition, synchronous communication allows for data to be efficient and low-error rates. A key disadvantage of synchronous communication is the fact that its too time consuming. Often times in a synchronous system, the inconsistent physical connection will spend a long time in communicating between two machines. Hence, this can cause delays. Another huge barrier in synchronous communication is the fact that it relies heavily in advanced systems for error correction. Any company using this method must invest in an advanced system. For example, embedding a router with Wi Fi capabilities would tremendously facilitate the

ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF ERP(ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING) IN SUPPLY Dissertation

ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF ERP(ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING) IN SUPPLY CHAIN SECTOR IN FMCG(FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS) INDUSTRY IN - Dissertation Example The performance of the supply chain provides an edge to the company over its competitors. It can be well understood that when a country has such massive establishment of FMCG industry, then supply chain would be surely playing an important role in this sector. Keeping in mind the significance of supply chain in FMCG sector in India and the increasing use of technology in the retail and FMCG sector, this study aims to thoroughly analyze the significance and challenges of implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) in the supply chain of the FMCG sector of Lucknow, India. The issues which the supply chain companies face due to incorrect ERP implementation or inadequate training would also be discussed. Further, instances of breakdown of the supply chain services in the FMCG sector due to ERP problems would also be discussed. Secondary research was conducted and the literature available on the subject was studied to discuss the significance of ERP in the supply chain. The role of IT integrated supply chain in companies like ITC, HUL, Dabur, and Nestle have identified. It was found that ERP integration has streamlined the information flow and has assisted in smooth flow of goods and services. The respondents considered to conduct the study confirmed the fact that all the four FMCG companies have excellent IT integrated framework and they are quite satisfied with its performance. Table of Contents Abstract 2 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 FMCG Industry in India 8 1.2 India Competitiveness and Comparison with the World Markets 9 1.3 SWOT Analysis of the FMCG Industry in India 11 1.4 Supply Chain in FMCG Sector 13 1.5 ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) in Supply Chain 14 1.6 Outline of the Study 15 1.7 Research Objectives 16 1.8 Problem Statement 17 1.9 Research Question 17 CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.1 Supply Chain Sector in India 17 2.2 Role of Supply Chain in the FMCG Sector of India 21 2.3 Usage of Technology in the Supply Chain Segment 2 4 2.4 Penetration of Technology in the FMCG Sector of India 27 2.5 Significance of EPR in Supply Chain Management 31 2.6 Implementation of ERP for Supply Chain Management in FMCG Sector 34 2.7 Challenges in the Implementation and Usage of ERP 37 2.9 ERP in Few Major FMCG Companies in Lucknow, India 39 2.9.1 Indian Tobacco Company (ITC) 40 2.9.2 Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) 42 2.9.3 NESTLE India 45 2.9.4 DABUR India Ltd. 47 CHAPTER III – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Justification for Methodology 50 3.2.1 Qualitative Methodology 51 3.2.2 Case Study Research 52 3.2 Data Collection Instrument 53 3.2.1 Construct Validity 53 3.2.2 Internal Validity 54 3.2.3 External Validity 54 3.2.4 Reliability 55 3.3 Questionnaire Survey 55 3.4 Sources of Data 56 3.5 Administration of Procedure 57 3.6 Ethical Considerations 57 CHAPTER IV –FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS 58 4.1Findings 58 CHAPTER V – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 71 5.1 Conclusion 71 IT integrated s upply chain is the most significant component of the firm’s infrastructure. The FMCG companies in India are utilizing the boom and development of technology in the country to the fullest. India is a vast country with increasing population. Though it is considered to be a marketer’s paradise, but on the other hand managing physical logistics system is really troublesome because of various barriers. In order to avoid these barriers FMCG companies ha

History AND IMPACT OF COMPUTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History AND IMPACT OF COMPUTING - Essay Example 546). First Generation (1940-1955) Vacuum Tubes These first computers utilized vacuum tubes in their circuitry and their memories comprised of magnetic drums. These first computers were often massive, taking a lot of space. They were expensive to run and, in addition to consuming enormous amounts of electricity these computers generated immense heat, which often led to their malfunctions. The first generation computers depended on machine code language; a low-level programming language only understood by computers, to execute their operations, and hence they were able to solve a single problem at a time. The computers input used paper tapes and punched cards while their output was presented on printouts. ENIAC and UNIVAC computers are some of the first generation computing gadgets. The UNIVAC was the earliest commercial computer distributed to a business client, the United States Bureau of Census in 1951. Second Generation (1955-1963) Transistor Computers In the succeeding generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the computers circuitry. Transistors were initially invented in 1947 but received minimal use in computers until late 1950s. Transistors were far more superior compared to vacuum tubes, allowing the computers to be smaller, cheaper, faster, reliable, and with increased energy efficiency as compared their former generation predecessors. Although the transistors also generated plenty of heat which exposes the computers to the damage, they were a significant improvement in comparison to the vacuum tubes. The second generation computers also used the punched cards for their input and printouts as their outputs. The second generation computers shifted from obscure binary machine code language to symbolic, an assembly language that allows programmers to stipulate instructions in the form of words. FORTRAN, COBOL, and other High-level Programming language were also under developed during this period. These were the first computers which s tored instructions in their memories, which had also moved from magnetic drums to magnetic core technology. The initial computers in this generation were meant for the atomic energy industries. Third Generation (1964-1970) Integrated Circuits Computers Integrated Circuits (ICs) development was the essential characteristic of the third generation computers. Miniaturized transistors were installed on silicon semiconductor chips, which increased efficiency and speed of computers. The third generation computers interacted with their users through monitors and keyboards interfaced through an operating system instead of the printouts and punch cards. These new features allowed the computers to run different applications at the same time with an inner program which monitored the memory. The third generation computers became handy to a mass of the audience since they were cheaper and smaller than their predecessors. Fourth Generation (1970- Present) The fourth generation computers were brou ght by the development of microprocessors. Microprocessors allowed thousands of integrated circuits to be built on a single silicon chip. A device that consumed the whole room in the first generation computers could be now developed on the palm of a hand. Intel 4004 chip, created in 1971, allowed all the components in a

Republic of Gilead Essay Example for Free

Republic of Gilead Essay Every person goes through various experiences in life which at times are unique or have some similarities to other occurrences somewhere else. In my case, I have gone through a social experience similar to that depicted in the â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tail† by Margaret Atwood. This experience occurred when I was serving in the military. In the Handmaid’s tale, a dystopian Republic of Gilead in its quest for a supposedly superior society resulted to a society that sacrificed and undermined of women’s rights. In this society, the rich and powerful were favored, while the ordinary people were suppressed. As a matter of my fate, all men in Korea have to serve in the military for two years. During this time, they endure not only a lot of training but also a life with seniors in the barracks. Just like in this tale, the Korean military is an organized functional society with very strict rules. In addition, the military has its barracks based away from the cities where officers live in isolation. Usually, same squad members live together in a barrack which called â€Å"life house†. There are four classes of soldier who live together in a single life house. This composed of a sergeant, corporal, private first, and a private. I belonged to a squad which followed to the letter a strong set of rules and regulations which were based on the rank of each class. These rules were observed regardless of time, place and situation. Usually, almost all squads have their own traditional conditions and rules based on the class. In my squad, lower class had to obey higher class whatever they ask nom matter how annoying it might be. Additionally, there are some restrictions and conditions what we could do or can not do based on the class. For example, a private can not watch the T. V, make a call to a friend, smoke a cigarette, or even go to â€Å"PX† which is a cafeteria where soldiers do buy some snacks without permission from a higher rank8ing officer. These rules are followed even when privates have free time until when a private attains the rank of a sergeant. There are many forms of restrictions he had to endure which curtails the conduct soldier making it discriminative from those of higher class. When a private becomes a private first, he can smoke a cigarette, and make a call by himself without the permission of a higher ranking officer. When he becomes a corporal, he does not need to get permission to watch a T. V, and go to â€Å"PX† any more. Becoming a sergeant is just like becoming what I can literally call â€Å"the God of a barracks†. This is because they do not have to participate in anything that happens in a life house. This includes activities such as cleaning clothes, and keeping house tidy. His work is only to carry out inspection of life house. As a matter of fact, a sergeant is the highest ranked soldier. Since he has little time left in the army, he is excused from almost every duty that involves manual work. Usually, private and private first do everything under corporate’s direction and inspection by platoon leader who is a career soldier before soldiers go to sleep. Restriction is not only annoying thing for the soldiers but also responsibilities which reduces as they are move up to higher classes. The highest one usually does nothing but they can order anything they want to be done for them by officers of lower classes. The highest one is like the commander in the Gilead society. The corporal is similar to the eyes in the Gilead society who usually announce the sergeant’s message and supervise lowers as they carry out he specified orders. Next, private first who is similar to the aunt class in the Gilead society supervise and teach privates and do the chores together. On the other hand, privates who are similar to handmaids in the Gilead society do not have any right for themselves. They just follow what those in higher classes ask them to do. This includes cleaning all of clothes belonging to officers of the higher classes, life house, boots, and also ironing uniform. This weird and unfair rules and conditions are handed down year after year. When I became a sergeant, I cancelled some of these weird rules because I had become sick of theme and I wanted to form a better society. At the same time, the minister of National Defense of Korea ordered me to remove some of those bad habits because they had been known to cause many troubles. These oppressive rules made many officers to commit suicides Very often in the Korean army. As a result of these changes, nowadays usually almost all soldiers in Korea have same rights and privileges and it is very hard to find a higher ranking officer ordering lower officers like it used to be in the past.

Case Study Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Health And Social Care Essay

Case Study Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Health And Social Care Essay A 72 year old male patient, smoker and family history of AAA, was referred by his GP to x-ray department. With clinical indication of fall at stairs 2 weeks ago and pain in lower back and right hip, to have an x-ray of lumbar spine and pelvis. After justifying the request card and check his details, they did AP and Lateral of his lumbar an AP examination of pelvis. And they send him back to have a result by his GP after 10 days. Radiologist reported on his x-rays and sends it back to the GP. There was an evaluation of the classification in the abdomen and suspected abdominal aortic aneurysm. So GP asked him to attend the surgery to discuss the x-ray result, and request an ultrasound of abdomen to have a better result and rough indication of the internal diameter and accurate assessment .Gp asked him to wait until he received appointment letter from hospital. After 4 weeks he had his appointment. Clinical indication was classification on lumbar x-ray, query abdominal aneurysm. Before he goes to do the screening he was fast for eight hours because food and liquid in the stomach and urine in the bladder can make it difficult to a get clear picture of the aorta for the ultrasound technician. He changed into a gown. Radiologist asked him to lie on his back and then he applied small amount of cold gel in his abdomen because the air between the skin and aorta will help to reduce by using the gel, by pressing the transducer against the skin over the abdomen. Radiologist monitored blood flow through the abdominal aorta to check for an aneurysm (Myo clinical staff 2010 and NHS website 2010). After procedure he discussed the result with patient. And reported the scan to his GP. The evaluation of ultrasound scan was an abdominal aortic aneurysm which was 4.5 cm. Heart was in normal size. No evidence of any significant mediastinal mass or lymph node enlargement. Kidneys were in normal sizes. The routine measurements and protocol are: Longitudinally, will examine the aorta from diaphragm to bifurcation, and will Document the length of the aneurysm and measure the anteroposterior (AP) diameter from outer wall to outer wall, and also will examine the iliac arteries to the iliac bifurcation and measure aneurysm from outer wall to outer wall. Transversically will Document the maximum diameter of the aorta at the diaphragm, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and distally, and Measure AP and transverse diameters from outer wall to outer wall, also will Visualize the iliac arteries and measure aneurysms (Vikram and Deborah 2004). GP reoffered him to vascular surgeon, after 3 weeks he met the surgeon, He reviewed his medical history and discussed the x-ray and ultrasound result with him And rerecommend him watchful waiting, it means that the if aneurysm was smaller than 2 inches (5 centimetres) in diameter, it is not serious enough to require surgery. In this case, his doctor will check his condition every six months using additional ultrasound exams or other imaging tests until aneurysm reaches to 5.5cm (Medline Plus 2004). He also asked him to quit smoking, because Smokers are approximately 5times as likely as non-smokers to develop AAA (Hafez 2008). Six month after In Dec 2007 he received his second appointment for scan of his abdomen. He attends his appointment with same procedure. There was a small amount of increase in his aneurysm. Therefore report was send to Gp. Evaluation was 4.7cm aortic aneurysm. In April 2008 he had another scan with aneurysm with 5.2cm aneurysm. He could not stop smoking, but his GP strongly advised him to stop smoking. In March 2009, it was 5.6cm aneurysm and if the abdominal aortic aneurysm expands by more than 0.6 to 0.8cm per year, repair is usually recommended (Robert et al 2008). http://www.e-radiography.net/radrep/Vascular/Vascular_AAA_US_55mm/Vascular_AAA_US_55_long.jpg Radiological Report : US Abdominal Aorta : The maximum A.P. internal diameter of the abdominal aorta is 5.6 cms. Mural thrombus reduces the internal diameter to 2.0cms (x-ray 2000).   Vascular surgeon discussed with patient that he need a surgery as soon as possible, also explained the existence of two possible methods of repair and to outline the major risks and benefits of each. The traditional (open) surgical approach involves direct exposure of the aneurysm followed by replacing the aneurismal part of the aorta with a synthetic graft. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a more modern and less invasive technique which is becoming widely used (Hafez 2008). Patient preffered to have EVAR operation, but everybody is not suitable for EVAR, because of the shape of their aneurysm. So he was asked to have a CT angiogram to check if he is suitable for EVAR, otherwise he should have open surgery (NICE 2006). Surgeon request CT angiogram for him with clinical indication of EVAR 5.6cm in ultrasound scan. The week after he had a CT angiogram aorta. The technologist asked him if he has allergy to any contrast media, then positioned him on the CT examination table, lying flat on his back. He inserted an intravenous (IV) line into a small vein in his arm. A small dose of contrast material injected through the IV to determine how long it takes to reach the area under study. Week after the surgeon received the report from Radiologist. Evaluation of CT scan was a 6.2cm infrarenal AAA with a satisfactory neck and good potential common iliac landing zones suitable for EVAR ( Bhattacharya ). He asked to attend a pre-operative assessment clinic to meet his surgeon and other members of clinical team. They took his medical history and carried out a physical examination. The surgical team carried out a number of tests to make sure that he is healthy enough to have an anaesthetic and surgery. The tests were included: Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) levels, to monitor oxygenation, ventilation, and acid base status. Complete blood count to monitor Red blood cell, White blood cell(WBC), and platelet counts altered haemoglobin levels and hematocrit reflect any blood loss and the oxygen carrying ability of the blood. An elevated WBC count reflects an inflammatory response. Serum electrolyte panel-monitors fluid ,electrolyte, and acid base status Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, to monitor renal function. Blood coagulation studies to monitor clotting. Urinalysis to monitor renal status including secretion and concentration Blood crossmatching necessary for blood replacement Electrocardiography (ECG) may reveal cardiac changes associated with ischemia Chest X-ray may reveal abnormalities of the chest, heart and lungs (Holloway 2004). his RWS was 4.6 M/mcL, WBC: 6 K/mm^, haemoglobin levels: 11 g/dL, Hematocrit 44%, Blood urea nitrogen 13 mg/dL, Bilirubin, direct 0.2 mg/dL, Bilirubin, total 0.2 mg, Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL,( GAIL  HOOD 2007). The surgical team gave him advice about what he can do to prepare for surgery, and they also asked him about his home circumstances so that his discharge from hospital can be planned. If he still smoker, he strongly advised to stop smoking as soon as surgery is required. Research has found that people who stop smoking for at least two months before having surgery are four times less likely to experience complications following surgery compared with those who smoke. He already stopped smoking. Surgeon discussed him what will happen before, during and after his procedure, and any pain he might have. On admission day which was the week after, he was seen by one of the junior doctors who was obtained a detailed medical history and did a full physical examination. Blood tests were repeated and any pending investigations (for example heart scan) performed. One of the more senior doctors took through the consent form which you was required to sign before they can proceed with surgery. He was fasting from midnight before the procedure. Nursing care was focused on restoring and maintaining hemodynamic stability. Administer supplemental oxygen, monitor the patients cardiovascular status, insert two large-bore I.V. devices, and fluid resuscitate with 0.9% sodium chloride or lactated Ringers solution if hes hypotensive (Raymond 2006). He was taken to the theatre complex in his bed, In the anaesthetic room. the anaesthetist gave him an epidural and involves a needle puncture into his back. He also had a tube in his bladder, so that they could monitor the function of his kidneys; a tube in his hand, so that they could monitor his blood pressure. Then he transferred to the recovery area in the theatre complex, where he was taken care of by one of the recovery nurses pending transfer to the High Dependency Unit or the Vascular Ward. All the above mentioned tubes stayed in till the next morning, when all the tubes are removed and was encouraged to start walking and moving around. They gave him aspirin and cholesterol-lowering medication. He strongly advised to stay on these for life to reduce the risk of developing heart problems or having a stroke as he grow older. During his hospital stay, he was getting a mini-injection of heparin (Fragmin). This will thin his blood and prevent him from getting clots whilst he is in hospital (Inglott 2007). So surgeon start elective surgery to repair an aorta. He made small cut in his groin and passed up a catather inside an artery in his leg until it reached the area of the aneurysm. A compressed stent graft was fed to the site of the aneurysm. The procedure was guided using intensifier x-ray machine and radiographer took images step by step. The stent graft is made of a tube supported by a metal mesh. The stent graft was placed across the aneurysm. The stent kept the aorta open and aneurysm was protected from further pressure. The stent graft is slowly released from the delivery system into the aorta. As the stent graft is released, it was expanded to its proper size so that it snugly fits into aorta both above and below the aneurysm The guide wire is then removed from the Body. The stent graft remained inside the aorta permanently. Imaging procedures was Performed to check whether the stent graft is properly placed. the cut was closed with stitches and a dressing was placed over the stitches. (Bupas Health Information Team 2010). After the procedure, his breathing tube removed and he was taken to the intensive care unit for recovery. He received fluids and nutrition through his IV. The catheter in his bladder was remained in place for several days. The hospital stay was 5 days. During this time he was encouraged to get up and out of bed. Complete recovery was 3 months. In order to detect any complication he had need to follow-up carefully, particularly in the early stages. CT angiography was performed at day 2 after placement. No evidence of endoleak was detected during arterial phase scanning or after a 2-min delay. The patient was discharged without complication.Follow-up CT angiography was performed at 1 month and five month. Then every year after that, to make sure there are not any problems. Discussion: Aorta is the main blood vessel in body. This carries blood from heart to the rest of the body. The part of the aorta in the abdomen is called the abdominal aorta. It supplies blood to the stomach, pelvis and legs. An aneurysm is a weak area in a blood vessel. If a blood vessel weakens, it starts to bloat like a balloon and becomes unusually big. If an aneurysm forms on the abdominal aorta and grows too big, the aorta might tear or rupture (Upchurch and Schaub April 1, 2006, Heather 2008). The most common of these aneurysms known as abdominal aortic aneurysms AAA, is below the origin of the arteries to the kidneys. A more anatomically correct description would be infrarenal aortic aneurysms. In men, the maximum normal aortic diameter at this level should not exceed 2.5 cm. An aorta that is 3 cm or more in diameter at this level qualifies as being aneurismal. The prevalence of AAA varies according to ethnicity, age and gender. Men are six times more likely to be affected by this condition. At the age of 65 years, 3% of men will have an AAA. The popularity then increases with age to reach nearly 8% at the age of 80. AAAs represents nearly 98% of aneurysms of the whole aorta (Hafez 2008). The rate of growth and the risk of rupture increase exponentially with the diameter of the aneurysm, with a watershed level for serious risk at about 5.5cm. Therefore until the patient is gravely ill from other causes, any aneurysm wider than 5.5 cm should be operated upon electively (Raymond 2006 and Dillon et al 2010).Abdominal aortic aneurysm is usually asymptomatic .smoking and high blood pressure, are most important risk factors (patient booklet 2009 and Hafez 2008) About 80% of patients who present with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm have no previous diagnosis. When rupture occurs, mortality is very high (Scot et al 2008 and Philip et al 2009).February On physical examination, AAAs with 3 to 3.9 cm range are palpable 29% of the time, compared with those with an AAA more than 5 cm. which can be palpated 76% of the time (Gilbert et al 2008). The symptoms associated with AAAs are: blurred abdominal or back pain, abdominal pulsatile and abdominal mass may be present in obese patients, Palpation of aneurysm may be difficult Early satiety, nausea or vomiting may occur due to duodenal compression. Ruptured or leaking aneurysms may present with severe back, abdominal, or flank pain that may radiate to the groin Hypertension or tachycardia Syncope Abdominal mass on exam Signs of retroperitoneal hematoma (Scott et al 2004 and Rosalyn 2006 and Louise and Anderson 2001). Compared with open surgery, EVAR has lower operative mortality, lower morbidity, and shorter length of hospital stay and greater likelihood of discharge to home than open surgery (Schermerhorn 2009) CT is the next step to help determine which treatment should be used (endovascular or open surgery) .Serial CT scans can be used to visualise the proximal neck (the transition between the normal and aneurysmal aorta), the extension to the iliac arteries, and the patency of the visceral arteries. They can also measure the thickness of the mural thrombus. With three-dimensional imaging, helical CT and CT angiography can provide additional anatomical details, especially useful if endovascular procedure is considered.( Akalihasan et al 2011and Macari et al 2001) Informed consent for any AAA repair must include accurate information about the reason for recommending surgery (i.e. the risk of aneurysm rupture without surgery), the reason for recommending either open or endovascular surgery and about the likely outcomes. Warn about the site and size of the surgical scar, about wound infection and incisional hernia formation, about deep venous thrombosis and particularly about sexual dysfunction which, it appears, may be equally common after open and endovascular repair (Brian 2008). If the patient is hypertensive, administer beta-blockers and nitroprusside as ordered. Manage pain with morphine sulfate or hydromorphone to keep him comfortable and to combat pain-induced increases in BP, heart rate, and oxygen demand (GAIL  HOOD 2007). Gilbert R. Upchurch, Jr, MD; Christopher Longo, MD; John E. Rectenwald, MD,March 2008 Volume 63. Number 3 Geriatrics) Upchurch, Jr. G.R. (M.D.) and Schaub, T.A. (M.D.) (April 1, 2006) Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm American Family Physician online. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20060401/1198.html [Accessed 16/2/2011] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) Abdominal aortic aneurysms, screening and the law AvMA Medical Legal Journal,Volume 14 Number 2 online. Available from: Myo clinical staff,June 23, 2010, © 1998-2010 Abdominal ultrasound Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER).online, available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/abdominal-ultrasoundWhat you can expect/,MY00076/DSECTION=what-you-can-expect[accessed 23/1/2011] http://www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular/documents/Endovascular_Aneurysm_Repair_Patient_Information.pdf, accessed 21st DEC 2010 Ultrasound secrets,  By Vikram Dogra, Deborah J. Rubens,2004 ,Philadelphia,Pensilvania Abdominal aortic aneurysm. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000162.htm. Accessed September 12, 2004 Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks,management and screening Hany Hafez Clinical Risk 2008; 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 what is ct angiography aorta of abdominal aortic aneurysm Stoeltings anesthesia and co-existing disease Robert K. Stoelting, Roberta L. Hines, Katherine E. Marschall 2008 676 pages Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks,,management and screening,Hany Hafez Clinical Risk 2008; 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 (http://www.healthcarerepublic.com/news/766641/ Abdominal aortic aneurysm is the cause of more than 6,000 deaths per year. By Mr Vish Bhattacharya) h ttp://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=angioct (http://www.healthcarerepublic.com/news/766641/ Abdominal aortic aneurysm is the cause of more than 6,000 deaths per year. By Mr Vish Bhattacharya) Medical-surgical care planning,  By Nancy Meyer Holloway, 2004, Lippincott William Wilkins http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/repairofabdominalaneurysm/Pages/Preparation.aspx http://www.stent-graft.com/id11.html,  Dr Ferdinand Inglott, consultant Vascular and Endovascular Surgeon at the Manchester Royal Infirmary,2007 Bupas Health Information Team, July 2010. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR),online at: http://www.bupa.co.uk/healthinformation/directory/e/endovascular-repair, [accessed 16/2/2011]. (General surgical operations Page 432 Raymond Maurice Kirk 2006 723 pages Preview) Hany Hafez,2008, Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks, management and screening, Clinical Risk, Volume 14 Number 6 General surgical operations Raymond Maurice Kirk 2006 Page 432,Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Endovascular treatment for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm,Dillon M, Cardwell C, Blair PH, Ellis P, Kee F, Harkin DW,The Cochrane Collaboration, currently published in The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010 Issue 12, Copyright  © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.. PATIENT INFORMATION BOOKLET ,Endovascular Stent Grafts:A treatment for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms,2009 Medtronic, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA. UC200805202aEN 4/09  ©2009 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. (Reprinted) JAMA, November 11, 2009-Vol 302, No. 18 Abdominal aortic aneurysm disease: health risks,management and screening Hany Hafez Clinical Risk 2008; 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 Scott Davarn, MD Rob Reardon, MD Scott Joing, MD Academic Emergency MedicineVolume 14, Issue 4, Article first published online: 28 JUN 2008 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2007.01.001/pdf Philip E. Baker Kumar V. Ramnarine,2009, Development and Application of an Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model, Ultrasound 2009;17(1):30-34 _ British Medical Ultrasound Society 2009 University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Department of Medical Physics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UKULTRASOUND N February 2009 N Volume 17 N Number 1 URASOUND N February 2009 N Volume 17 N Number 1 ).- Abdominal aortic aneurysm Gilbert R. Upchurch, Jr, MD; Christopher Longo, MD; John E. Rectenwald, MD, March 2008 Volume 63. Number 3 Geriatrics Screening programmes ,Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm , © NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme 2010 Produced by COI for the NHS ,401590/C 1p December 2010, http://aaa.screening.nhs.uk/ Baker L;  Anderson E, 2010 May; Abdominal aortic aneurysm: simple screening could save lives, Primary care nurse practitioner, Generations Family Health Center, Norwich, CT, American Journal for Nurse Practitioners (AM J NURSE PRACT), 2010 May; 14(5): 29-34 (27 ref), journal article pictorial, tables/charts. In a Page Surgery  By Scott Kahan, John J. Raves,2004,Lippincott Williams Wilkins,Philadelphia Rosalyn Gendreau , 2006, Is it a kidney stone or abdominal aortic aneurysm? : 22-4 (journal article pictorial) Louise A. Anderson, MS, RN,2001, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm,,THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR NURSING/,Article 1 5/21/01 11:11 PM Page 1, J Cardiovasc Nurs 2001;15(4):1-14, © 2001 Aspen Publishers, Inc Marc Schermerhorn, MD, Discussant ©2009 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. (Reprinted) JAMA, November 11, 2009-Vol 302, No. 18 online available at http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/302/18/2015.full.pdf+html, [accessed 14/2/2011]. Royal United Hospital Bath, NHS, Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Patient Information, http://www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular/documents/Endovascular_Aneurysm_Repair_Patient_Information.pdf, accessed 21st DEC 2010 NICE 2006 Abdominal aortic aneurysm ,N Sakalihasan, R Limet, O D Defawe,2011 at http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?specialities/general/aaa.htm~right Michael Macari, MD, Gary M. Israel, MD,Phillip Berman, BA, Maria Lisi, BA, Anuj J. Tolia, BA, Mark Adelman, MD, Alec J. Megibow, MD, MPH, August 2001 Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic, Aneurysms at Multi-Detector, Row CT Angiography: Intravascular Enhancement without a Timing Acquisition1,520 z Radiology Macari et al, Volume 220 z Number 2 Abdominal aortic aneurysms, screening and the law ,Brian P Heather, AvMA Medical Legal Journal, 2008 Volume 14 Number 2 at http://cr.rsmjournals.com/content/vol14/issue2/ http://www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/ce_article.asp?tid=693846 (How to protect a patient with aortic aneurysm GAIL  HOOD  IRWIN RN, CEN, BSN   Nursing2007 ,February 2007   ,Volume 37  Number 2,Pages  36  

Zero Coupon Bonds Essay -- essays research papers

Zero coupon bonds, more commonly known as â€Å"strips† or â€Å"zeros†, are fixed income securities that unlike other bonds, pay no interest until maturity. This means that instead of paying semi-annual interest like other bonds, the interest is compounded throughout the life of the bond and is paid in full upon maturity. Zero coupon bonds are ideal long-term investments for people who have a specific situation, which calls for a specific amount of money to be acquired at a future date, mainly ten to twenty years in the future. These bonds offer a great variety of benefits that are attractive to investors who are looking for more of a long-term investment. They also pose a few drawbacks, but are outweighed by their advantages which make them a sound investment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zero coupon municipal bonds combine the benefits of the zero coupon instrument with those of tax-exempt municipal securities and offer the following advantages: Low Minimum Investment The first thing that comes to mind when investing in zero coupon bonds is its low initial investment. Zeros are sold at a deep discount relative to other bonds and therefore can be purchased with a low minimum investment. Investors purchase zeros for much less than their face value, which is typically in increments of $5000, however, zero-coupon bonds with face values of $1000 are also sold. The greater the number of years a zero-coupon bond has until maturity, the less an investor has to pay for it. The reason of such a low initial investment is another benefit of zeros, compounded interest. The small initial dollar outlay makes zeros attractive investments for many investors. It allows investors to put aside a modest amount of money today and know exactly how much they will receive at a specific future date. Tax Advantages Another benefit of zero-coupon bonds is its possible tax advantages. Interest on municipal zero-coupon bonds is exempt from federal income taxes and, in many cases, free from state and local taxes. Because municipal zeros offer the benefit of compound interest free from federal taxes, they provide returns that are often much higher on a net basis than comparable taxable securities. ‘Zeros purchased prior to April 1993 and held to maturity are not subject to capital gains tax unless they are purchased at a price lower than the compound accreted value (CAV). The sale or excha... ...e volatility of the bond. Zeros are extremely volatile investments. This means that if the interest rate changes, it can swing the price of the bond in either direction. However, this is only a problem if the bond is sold before maturity. If the bond is held to the mature date, the investor will receive the full face value. If the bond is sold before it matures, there could be a possibility that the investor could lose money. Another inconvenience that zeros offer is its possible tax charges. Although zeros don’t include any coupon payments because they pay no annual interest, the investor is still obligated to pay income tax on the interest he would of earned for the year even though he didn’t receive it. Of course there are ways around this if you invest in tax-exempt municipals where there are no charges. One more drawback of zeros is that they can be callable. This means that the issuer has the right to repurchase the bond back from the investor at any time before maturity. If the issuer repays the bond at a certain percentage rate, it can potentially lose money for the investor. You would also have to pay a capital gains tax if the IRS thinks you made more than you should.

Systems Paper :: essays papers

Systems Paper Part I 1.Animal food cycles 2.Energy flow 3.In identifying parts of the system for the Tsembaga in New Guinea. I will start with the solar energy and rainfall that are the major contributors to life and the growth of plant and human life. The sun produces energy for plants to photosynthesize and the 150 inches of water per year that the Tsembaga receive facilitates this process. The Tsembaga grow a variety of crops including: taro, sweet potatoes, yams, manioc, greens, sugar cane, and some tree crops. Human labor to sustain the growth of these crops includes cutting, fencing, planting, maintaining, harvesting, and walking back and forth. The men usually perform these labors. Another strategic part of the soil maintenance includes the fallowing and rooting of the ground by pigs. The pigs are usually taken care of by the women of the group. After the crop has grown it is harvested by the men and stored for later consumption by the human population as well as the pig population. In times of Physiological stress which includes m isfortune and emergency the pigs are killed by the men and then the flesh is distributed to the group that the stress is greatest. The storage of the crops also leads to not only the consumption of the crop but the crops can also be used in trade outside of their territories for such objects as stone axes. 4.Applying the above in to the Culture Core Model I started with the base of the pyramid, economics. The reason for the growth of the crops has an economic reason, using the crop as an item to exchange goods with for things like stone axes. Also the more of the crop you have the more pigs you can sustain, which inevitably means the more protein you can get from eating the pigs. The Tsembaga also have territories that they live, grow and raise pigs on. That is there largest economic commodity. Social aspects of the model include the division of labor, which could also be a political matter, but the society is egalitarian so that everyone is equal and there are no chiefs. The men work the crops and fight while the women cook, clean, watch the children and over see the pigs. Politically they patrilineal clans, which are organized into smaller groups. Men are the only ones that are allowed to fight. When a pig is killed it is pre decide who will get it depending on need, men during time of war, and in times of illness or injury it is the victim that gets the meat.

Cocaine Addiction :: Free Essays

Everybody knows cocaine is bad for you. So why do so many people take it? It gets you high. You feel good for a little while. Then you’re sad again. Teenagers have this problem a lot. Scientists have found a way to maybe prevent ‘highs’ when using cocaine. Actually, they found a way in animals, and they are hoping to use it on humans. The team showed that the epilepsy drug gamma vinyl-GABA, or GVG, blocked cocaine's effect in the brains of primates, including the process that causes a "high" feeling in humans. Also, the rodents didn’t go back to the place they received the cocaine as much as they did without the epilepsy drug, which is important behavior when pertaining to a human being. Cocaine may be one of the toughest addictions to cure because it triggers a buildup of a protein that persists in the brain and stimulates genes that intensify the craving for the drug. The GVG might be able to help because it sort of stops the chemical release of the protein that builds up and causes the brain to crave the drug. Addiction is a complex process in humans because it is linked to learning and multiple chemical pathways in the brain. So, if some of these can be blocked, then there is no more addiction, and with GVG, there might not be, once it is tested on humans. Since it helped the animals, there is a good chance of it helping us. In the brain, chemicals called neurotransmitters constantly float between brain cells, sending messages that travel through the brain and into the body in a process similar to the game "Telephone." (The molecules pass on the messages.) After neurotransmitter molecules complete their task of leaving their home brain cell and docking with a neighboring cell to convey the message, they usually return to their home cell or are eliminated in the space between cells, called the synapse.

Oil and Gas industry

The global OLL and gas Industry also Involves the exploration and production of commodity and energy trading, pipeline monitoring and renewable energy. Petroleum is proved to be one of the most valuable commodities in the world today and a vital factor in the sustenance of industrial civilization. Crude oil production accounts for a significant amount of the world's oil consumption, approximately 53% In the Middle East, 32% In Europe and Asia, 44% In South and Central America, 41% in Africa and 40% in North America.Developed countries represent the largest consumers of oil globally. Station is a fully Integrated OLL and gas company operating In Industry segments such as the production and refining of petroleum, natural gas, and petrochemicals. Crude oil is the largest segment of the global oil and gas market, accounting for 62. 9% of the markets total volume. The natural gas segment accounts for the remaining 37. 1% of the market. Classically accounts for 35. 8% of the global 011 and gas market value, while the Americas accounts for a further 31. % of the global market, Europe accounts for 24. 8% while the middle east accounts for 7. 9% of the global market. Where geographic segmentation Is concerned the axis of the OLL market Is shifting from the trade between the Middle East exporters and US and European importers to one that links Asian developing markets to Middle East, which no longer has sufficient oil to support these markets' growing needs. Oil production In the US was the largest in the world in 2012 3. 1. 42. 1. Market structure, size, growth and cyclical As indicated above, the global oil and gas industry comprises two streams, which are ‘upstream – made up of petroleum exploration, production and extraction Including activities such as signing of leases, placing produced liquids and gas into pipelines, midstream – comprising of processing and transporting of produced liquids and gas from the well site to a downstream facility suc h as a refinery, downstream facilities deal with refining and processing of crude OLL and gas products, as well as their distribution and marketing.Some companies operate in the industry as fully integrated companies (I. E. Having both upstream and downstream interests) while others concentrate on a particular sector, such as exploration and production (E) or refilling and marketing. The global oil and gas industry exhibited a volatile performance over the past five years (2008-2013), largely driven by the global economic slowdown and subsequent recovery. Although tensions in the Middle East and increasing difficulty In the extraction process threaten to hinder growth over the next five years, however greater economic activity in emerging markets will keep demand buoyant. IL and gas exports account for more than of the value of global exports and provide more than 25% GAP in Russia, Central Asia and members of the organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Just over 1 0% of the value of the world's stock markets is invested in the oil and gas industry. The global oil and gas industry after a significant decline in 2009 has returned to dynamic growth in terms of market consumption, statistics show oil and gas supplies 57% of global commercial energy consumption.

Digital Communications

OBSERVATION The modicom 1 board, first in my observation is the power input these are the electrical input connections necessary to power the module. The LJ Technical Systems' â€Å"I. C. Power 60† or â€Å"System Power 90† is the recommended power supplies. Then second is the sampling control logic is the circuitry generates the timing and control signals that sample the input waveform, and also creates a sinusoidal 1 kHz signal for use during the MODICOM 1 practical exercises.It is recommended that this signal is used for most of the experiments, as you will find that it is difficult to synchronize more than one oscilloscope trace when the input comes from an external source. Then third is the sampling circuit is the signal at the ANALOG INPUT socket is sampled at a rate, and for duration, which depends on the applied sampling control signal. Then fourth is the second order low pass filter this is a filter having a 3. 4 kHz bandwidth.Then lastly is the fourth order lo w pass filter is similar to the Second Order Low Pass Filter but has a steeper cut off gradient (represented by the graph on the board). CONCLUSION MODICOM 1 incorporates and on-board waveform generator that can be selected to provide a 1 kHz sine wave. An on-board pulse generator, giving a choice of 5 discrete sampling frequencies and 9 discrete duty cycles, is also provided. These on-board signal sources are phase locked, ensuring that the sampled waveforms appear stationary when observed on an oscilloscope. OBSERVATIONIn the experiment, we study the Modicom 1 Demonstration. The purpose of this is to understand the functions of each block using input analog signal. We connect the supplies to the board; we ensure sampling control board â€Å"internal† position. The duty cycle selector position is in 5. We link 1 kHz sine wave output to analog input. Then we turn on the power supply. Ensuring that all the connection are connected properly. We need to display the input sine wa ve and sample output and we link the sample output to the input of fourth order low pass filter.We display the output of the fourth order low pass filter. Successively press the frequency selector and observe the effect on the signal. CONCLUSION The sample and hold circuit stores  electric charge  in a  capacitor  and contains at least one fast  FET switch  and at least one  operational amplifier. To sample the input signal the switch connects the capacitor to the output of a  buffer amplifier. The buffer amplifier charges or discharges the capacitor so that the voltage across the capacitor is practically equal, or proportional to, input voltage.In hold mode the switch disconnects the capacitor from the buffer. The capacitor is invariably discharged by its own  leakage currents  and useful load currents, which makes the circuit inherently  volatile, but the loss of voltage (voltage drop) within a specified  hold time  remains within an acceptable error marg in. Therefore The sample and hold circuits are essentially used in linear systems. In some kinds of analog-to-digital converters, the input is often compared to a voltage generated internally from a  digital-to-analog converter  (D-A-C).The circuit tries a series of values and stops converting once the voltages are â€Å"the same† within some defined error margin. If the input value was permitted to change during this comparison process, the resulting conversion would be inaccurate and possibly completely unrelated to the true input value. Such successive approximation converters will often incorporate internal sample and hold circuitry. In addition, sample and hold circuits are often used when multiple samples need to be measured at the same time. Each value is sampled and held, using a common sample clock.

Rene Descartes

Rene Descartes Rene Descartes was a brilliant man. His works on philosophy, physics and mathematics are still heavily influenced much to all of these studies today in our modern world. Descartes was born in March 31, 1596 in La Haye, France; he was named after one of his godfathers, Rene Bruchard des Funtaines. Descartes parents were Joachim and Jeanne Descartes, he also had one brother and one sister and two half siblings. Growing up Descartes had health issues â€Å"infirmity of the lungs, (Rene Descartes). When he was enrolled in school around eight years of age at Jesuit college La Fleche in Anjou he had permission to wake up at eleven in the morning instead of earlier like all the other school kids, in regards to his fragile health. Descartes kept this daily routine for almost the rest of his life he believed that, â€Å"the only way to good work in mathematics and to preserve his health was never to allow anyone to make him get up in the morning before he felt inclined to do so; an opinion which I chronicle for the benefit of any schoolboy into whose hands this work may fall, (A Short Account of the History of Mathematics’). Descartes left school at around 1912 and they began to study law at Poiters, and graduated with honors for his degree and license in law, although he didn’t pursue a law degree. In 1617 Descartes chose to join the army rather than the church; He served in the army of Prince Maurice of Orange and then Breda. He was more of a mercenary for the Catholics and Protestants. One day in late fall of 1618, Descartes was walking around and saw a Dutch placard, which spiked his curiosity; and by luck the person he stopped was Isaac Beckman.Beckman was a highly educated Dutch philosopher; he translated for Descartes in return if Descartes would work out the problem. After a couple of hours passed, intrigued by Descartes, Beckman â€Å"sparked his interest in mathematics and the New Physics, he concluded that his real path in life was the pursuit of true wisdom and science, (17th Century Mathematics-Descartes). † During his leisure time in the army, Descartes studied mathematics; in November 10th-11th, 1619 he had a series of dreams that he believed is one or the most important days of his life.The visions he had were his first ideas of new philosophy and his works of analytical geometry. He continued to serve in the army under his family traditions and influence and was persuaded to volunteer under Count de Bucquoy in the army of Bavaria, and then he resigned his commission in 1621. Descartes traveled throughout parts of Europe for a couple of years still purely giving himself to mathematics in 1628 while residing in France he met Cardinal de Berulle, the founders of the Oratorians. Berulle loved his conversation with Descartes, â€Å"and he encouraged Descartes to devote his life to the study of truth, (Rene Descartes-Biography). For the nest twenty years Descartes lived in seclusion in Holland and made regular trips to France. In the course of time Descartes wrote a piece of his collections, â€Å"Le Monde†, he didn’t want it to be published in that time; because the Catholic church had burnt all of Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) and him in house arrest. Descartes had lived in fear the same thing could happen to him if he didn’t correspond with the rules. Yet he was book â€Å"Le Monde† was published many years later.Despite not being able to release that book, he did write another book in 1633 and was published in 1937. â€Å"In 1637 Descartes published Optics, Meteorology, and Geometry, a collection of essays. The preface to the collection is titled Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking the Truth in the Sciences, (Rene Descartes-Biography). † â€Å"La Geometrie† is what his contribution to mathematics is still used till this day. Before his discovery mathematici ans used capital letters (A,B,C) for known quantities in algebraic notation and unknown quantities were lower case letters (a,b,c).In the â€Å"La Geometrie† he gave his ideas and instead of using capital and lower cases letters, he shifted it to just (a,b,c) as know quantities and (x,y,z) for unknown. In that time he also in verbal expression of exponents such as â€Å"square, cube at etc†, he replaced it with numeral superscripts. Descartes argued that, For the square of a magnitude did not differ from it in kind, as a geometrical square differs from a line, rather, the square the cube and all powers differed from the base quantity only in the number of â€Å"relations† separating them respectively from a common unit quantity.That is since: 1: x=x; x2 =x2: x3=†¦ (Descartes: Mathematics and Physics) Descartes â€Å"rule of signs† a law given for determining whether the number of positive or negative real roots of polynomials â€Å"Descartes’ â€Å"rule of signs† does not give the solution of a polynomial equation, but it does give information on the number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial, (17th Century Mathematics-Descartes). † He also proposed in â€Å"La Geometrie† that each point in a two dimension form can have two numbers on a plane, giving a horizontal and vertical locations; which is known as Cartesian coordinates. He used perpendicular lines (or axes) crossing at a point called the origin, to measure the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) locations, both positive and negative, thus effectively diving the plane into four quadrants, (17th Century Mathematics-Descartes). † With the Cartesian Coordinates, Descartes showed that the x and y axis supported simple equations of straight lines, to more complex coordinates of equations with different exponents. For example y=x2+4 is a curve parabola. Descartes was more famously known as a philosopher giving his two sense in things a nd pursuing to uphold the truth.He continued to keep adding to his collections of writing Meditations, Principia Philosophiae and others. In 1649, Queen Christina of Sweden invited Descartes to live in Stockholm to tutor her in philosophy and she insisted in working with him at 5 in the morning; which he was used. The early hours and the harsh weather affected his health and he died of pneumonia in early 1650. Besides his great deal of being dubbed â€Å"the father of modern day philosophy† Descartes math contributions are value of us today.His idea of the Cartesian coordinate is in our mathematical calculators and the coordinates are what we use in math in almost all grade levels. Without Descartes influence exponents wouldn’t have been as simple, and also being able to determine positive and negative real roots. Descartes believed everything can be related to math and that there was always an answer, even if it was imaginary numbers too. His contributions in all area s of studies helped shaped the modern studies. Rene Descartes was a brilliant man indeed. Works CitedBall, W. W Rouse. ‘ A Short Account of the HIstory of Mathematics' (4th edition). 1908. Biography, Complete Dictionary of Scientific. Descartes: Mathemtics and Physics. 2008. December 2012 . Rodis-Lewis, Genevieve. â€Å"Descartes' lofe and the development of his philosophy. † Cottingham, John. The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. 1992. p 21-58. School, The European Graduate. Rene Descartes-Biography. . Unknown. 17 Century Mathematics-Descartes.

Viloin Technical/Descriptive Essay

The crowd waited in silence as minutes had passed. Then suddenly the velvet red curtains began to part. Rushing to opposite sides of the stage revealing a girl. The spotlight shining bright directly on her, you could see the fear in her glossy hazel eyes as she took a quick glimpse into the crowd. She slowly closed her eyes and gently laid her head on her shoulder rest of her beautiful classical 4/4 violin. We watched as she placed her fingers correctly and there it was, the first note. A beautiful A flat. So petite and perfect you knew her performance was going to be astonishing.A violin is a beautiful instrument to look at. That beauty, which comes from the instrument's curved and often shiny body, is what helps make the sound you hear. The body of a violin is hollow. The strings are above the body, suspended by a bridge. The bridge is a small, maple piece of wood. This bridge is secured on the instrument because of the tension of the strings. When the violin is played, the vibrati on of the strings is transferred from the bridge to the body. The vibration is amplified in the body of the violin, and this is the sound you hear.The sound of a well played violin is the sound of emotions, from the length of sadness to the shortness of expectations. Sometimes, it's low pitch, whispering like the wind and warm like a blanket and then it gets higher and higher until the pitch is so high, it's borderline painful, but just before you reach the pain†¦ it stops and get silenced†¦ and then whispers again. The violin is the highest pitch instrument in the orchestra like the higher part of a piano. Sometimes the violin can sound scratchy when you mess up but other times it sounds like harmony and peace when you succeed.Sounds like the high pitch of the bird singing outside your window that wakes you up in the morning. Majestic like water, drops of water creating ripples of sound. Waves that flow into your ears and give you those goosebumps that make the little hai rs on your arms stand up. The beautiful sound that makes your ears ask for more and more of its gorgeousness . That when they stop playing you feel that little crack in your heart from the loss of the astonishing sound you crave for more of. She pulled back on her bow creating her last note. Her last note was a decrescendo on the note E.She drew back her bow slowly not quite letting the beautiful sound end just yet, It slowly faded away into the distance, my ears lingered to hear the note that was disappearing into the darkness. My eyes were closed , secretly begging to hear more but all i heard was silence. I opened my eyes and saw she had picked up her bow. The audience was so astonished they sat in silence. That pause felt like eternity but then i stood to my feet and began to applaud her, as everybody else in the crowd followed me and a tear fell off my cheek, Knowing that was my student on that stage.

Data warehouse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Data warehouse - Essay Example ehouse is a silo of data gathered from multiple data sources that is coming from wide-ranging sources and forming an all-inclusive database by filtering the old and new data based on business logic and the need of the organization. Data warehousing is the concept of using data from the data warehouse for further processing and getting business intelligence information in an organization. In a data warehouse the flow of data and information has to be continuous, systematic and structured in a manner so that decision makers at every level in the organization can do data mining, query the data to get desired answers, systematically use it for further processing in their decision support system. Data warehousing is an information technology based system that integrates data from other business processes and business occurrence, filters and stores it in a systematic manner and allows the business verticals to use these data or information effectively. Data warehouses are traditionally setup to update the operational data on a daily basis. There will be search engines, queries and filters inbuilt into the data warehouse system. That is why it is also termed as ‘operational data stores’. Data warehousing is one of the basic requirements for implementing an effective Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) or Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP) in any organisation. The success of any business strategy system and tools are dependent on the maximum control over the data or information flow. The control over the business –data is possible through the maintenance of a centralized data store. A centralized data store can be readily accessed by the management and various departments for effective decision making and planning the operational schedule. An ideal MRP system will provide the managers and departments with updated stock information and activity schedules that help in formulating effective production strategies in addition to facilitating improved visibility of

Methods of marketing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methods of marketing research - Essay Example This differentiate it from Quantitative Research in which a large group of respondents provide data that are statistically analyzed. Qualitative research methods are used primarily as a prelude to quantitative research. They are used to define a problem, generate hypotheses, identify determinants, and develop quantitative research designs. They are expensive and slow. Because of the low number of respondents involved, these exploratory research methods cannot be used to generalize to the whole population. They are however, very valuable for exploring an issue and are used by almost all researchers. Quantitative research is an overall presentation of a research. It defines the problem, the research design and the method of data collection and most of all the data is interpreted using the various statistical tools like The data collected is interpreted and presented using charts, graphs and diagrams to be easily understood. The quantitative technique is more accurate because it involves a large number of sample compared to the qualitative technique. As qualitative technique is a proceeding event to the quantitative technique, it is used to define a problem, generate hypothesis identify determinants, and devel... They are expensive and slow. Because of the low number of respondents involved, these exploratory research methods cannot be used to generalize to the whole population. They are however, very valuable for exploring an issue and are used by almost all researchers. Examples: include focus groups, in-depth interviews, and projective techniques. Why Quantitative is more important in marketing research Quantitative research is an overall presentation of a research. It defines the problem, the research design and the method of data collection and most of all the data is interpreted using the various statistical tools like Parametric tests of a single sample: t test, z test. Parametric tests of two independent samples: two-group t test, z test. Parametric tests of two independent samples: two-group t test, z test Nominal/ordinal level test of a single sample: chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov one sample test, runs test, binomial test and many more The data collected is interpreted and presented using charts, graphs and diagrams to be easily understood. The quantitative technique is more accurate because it involves a large number of sample compared to the qualitative technique. As qualitative technique is a proceeding event to the quantitative technique, it is used to define a problem, generate hypothesis identify determinants, and develop quantitative research designs, and qualitative research design cannot be used to generalize the whole population as it involves a less number of respondents. Example : If pepsi wants to launch its soft drink in a country and the manager wants to research that whether his soft drink (pepsi) would be suitable and profitable to launch in that country, then

Motivation and Job Design Theories Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation and Job Design Theories - Case Study Example The experience that Peter Gibbons has on the highway is most likely a source of his lack of motivation. Because he cannot effectively get his vehicle into a moving lane, he gets demoralized. There is jam on the highway and he is most likely to arrive late at work. As he tries to move from one lane to another that appears to be moving relatively fast, the lane eventually stops moving when he has already joined the queue. He is thus unable to satisfy a lower need of getting a moving lane thus is most likely to relapse to a lower needs hierarchy level. He is unmotivated because he cannot attain the level of self actualization, which is finding a fast-moving lane. Clayton P. Alderfer's ERG Theory isolates three fundamental human needs that determine the behavior as concerns existence, relatedness and growth of an employee. Existence needs comprise of basic necessities for existence. These are psychological and safety needs in Maslow’s model. Relatedness focuses on the need for int erpersonal relationships, which conforms to Maslow’s social needs. Lastly, Alderfer distinguishes growth needs, which is inherent aspiration for individual development. The ERG model acknowledges that the order of significance of the three needs categories differ from one employee to another. Further the ERG model recognizes that the failure to achieve a higher need may make an individual to regress to lower needs that are relatively easier to meet, which is referred to as frustration-regression principle. Frustration-regression principle considerably affects the motivation of a worker. In the video clip, Peter Gibbons is apparently unmotivated in his job because he cannot achieve his target of finding a moving lane. Every time he tries to swerve to another lane, the new lane stops moving. This works him up and he appears to be focused on individual maintaining ground beside the highway. Because he is not achieving his mission, he is regressing to a lower need (relatedness) b y focusing his attention on the ground worker. Q2. The company, Initech, should establish a reward and recognition program. This would help the company to avoid situations where employees fell oppressed and that their contribution is not acknowledged. Peter Gibbons is depressed by how his boss treats him. The boss does not recognize Peter’s contribution, which leads him to develop an attitude of not caring about anything in the workplace. As such, establishing an effective reward and recognition of employee’s efforts would help to motivate Peter Gibson in the future. According to the theory of equity, employees who develop a notion that they are being underpaid or over-rewarded usually become distressed. This distress usually makes them to pursue how to restore equity in their work. Equity tries to link the contribution of employees to the rewards that they get. The theory holds that an employee will become angry when he feels underpaid while overpayment will also lead to a sense of guilt. Peter Gibson is required to turn up for the job even during weekends, which can be so demoralizing, especially when his relationship with the manager seems to be on the wire. By issuing reward and recognizing Gibson’s efforts, he is likely to be motivated in his work in the future. The management of Initech Company can also include employees in decision-making process, especially on matters that directly affect them. For example, Peter Gibson is unexpectedly

UK employee relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UK employee relations - Essay Example Employer-employee relationship is something that has been a cause of concern for the better part of history. In the past, there was little that employees could do to object to the treatment that was a part of their daily lives as a consequence of the actions of the employers. Then the springing up of various trade unions granted both employees and workers some power to sit at a table with businessmen and argue for their rights. Recent years have seen a trend in countries across the globe that has led to more protection to employees and programs have been introduced to better the interaction between employers and their respective employees. It is important however, to assess with a critical eye how the multiple legislations and laws that have been created are being implemented and if they truly are helping the workers. Employee relations is a complicated branch of interactions in the economic context and encompasses the interaction of employees, employers, trade unions, and government s on a regular basis (Rose, 2008, p.3). Employee relations are a term that has only recently been bought to the forefront in order to change the layout of how the relationship is between employers and their employers. This term indicates a particular subject matter unique to it and was previously known as industrial relations, which may still be used now. Debate may arise as to the meaning of the two terms and some say that it is clearly insignificant. There are some who argue that the use of the term industrial relation would drag in trade unions that are no longer as strong as they used to be. Employee relations would encompass the service sector which is currently employing about seventy percent of the workforce of a country that is developed (Leat, 2007, p. 5). Employee relation would also include as well as leave out if it is applicable, the idea of unions and other blocs. Industrial relation systems were mainly established in the early twentieth century when there was a demand for labor and a large amount of employment to go with that and not a lot of skilled labor (Dicker, 2003, p. 9). When there grew a scarcity of labor the trade unions gained more bargaining power and wages were higher yet there was no clear relationship that existed between employers and employees and the unions were becoming a way of life. So in the twenty first century there was change in mindset as to the idea of relations in the market and employees were seen to not test boundaries by questioning and participating in a business. With employee relations there is now an emphasis on searching for talent and then grooming it and allowing it to continue. Employee relations can mean various things to the employers. Some of these may be that employee relations can mainly be looked at as more of a philosophy rather than some form of management that is well defined. A shift is also beginning to take place now with power shifting from the trade unions to the individuals in workplaces. This may be due to the drop in membership of trade unions which was at one time at a high of about twelve million plus and has since fallen to about seen million (Chartered Institute of Personnel Development, 2010). The review of the Employment Relations Act of 1999 was an example of the legislative measures that were taken to curb the role of trade unions. The reason for the passing of this review was to make changes to the labor market in order to provide a more fair and long-lasting platform for the development of healthy employee relations. It was purported that the review of the Employment Relations Act of 1999, and the subsequent measures, would help to boast the rate of employment and to integrate both justice and flexibility in the industrial system of the country. According to the Employment Relations Act of 1999, the employers had the authority to recognize or derecognize a trade union for the intention of collective bargaining where most of the employees are in favor of it. I n a research study conducted, most of the

Critical Risks, Problems, and Assumptions on Sports Facility Essay

Critical Risks, Problems, and Assumptions on Sports Facility - Essay Example etween two parities involved in practice or main match, violence attacks like those that happen in a real match, immunity issues, and sloppy physical examination of the participant before taking part in a sport event etc. The Facility manager carries the most responsible position to tackle the risk factors and arrange a strategic plan to manage the risks either by appointing a physician, or insurance coverage etc. Risks such as baseball foul balls might hit at the audience, a facility owner deserves the responsibility to provide enough screened seats for those who may request them and the most risky part of the facility requests to be monitored. Spectators might be at big risk of the balls hitting at them, other than this cleaning the floor, providing a safe environment removing slapping hazard, the facility owner should see that the party getting injured should not develops further damages, this is called as assumption of risks.. A facility manager holds the responsibility to set a risk management programme to reduce the possibilities of risks. Assumption of risk is the ability of the participant to understand the general risk of injuries involved in the sport he takes part. The assumption should be understood legally by the participant, which will act as a â€Å"legal defence† [Ray, 2000]. The participant should be able to undertake the activities without paying much attention towards the hazards. Chen & Esposito [2004] observes assumption of risk under two conditions they are â€Å"(a) The athlete must fully appreciate and understand the type and magnitude of the risk involved in participation. (b) The athlete must also â€Å"knowingly, voluntarily, and unequivocally† choose to participate† Chen & Esposito. [2004]. Insurance: There are special types of insurance coverage given for sports facilities such as [1] Accident insurance – in the case of injuries, sever hurts etc, [2]. Equipments Insurance- this is a special insurance coverage given for the sports

How Could Asving Effect GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Could Asving Effect GDP - Essay Example Savings even though considered generally as a good habit especially like the current periods like recession, many economic Gurus are of the view that too much savings can adversely affect the economic growth. Savings and GDP growth have direct relationships. This paper briefly explains the relationships between savings and GDP growth, production factor and savings ratios and the effect of too much savings on economic growth. GDP can be calculated using the formula Y = C + I + E + G where Y = GDP, C = Consumer Spending, I = Investment made by industry, E = Excess of Exports over Imports, G = Government Spending (Calculating GDP). From the above two equations, it is clear that when the savings increases, income will also increase and the increase in domestic income can result in increase in GDP. Income is utilized in two ways; consumption and savings. If the consumption is less, savings will be increased whereas if the savings are less, consumption will go high if the economy is stable. On the other hand, if the economy is weak people may not have enough resources and they will be forced to spend less and it is not necessary that savings may go up in this case because of less spending. In most of the cases, people forced to spent major part of their income to consume goods. It is impossible for the public to save much and spent less because of the increasing expenses and living standards. From the graph given above and below it is clear that GDP has come down a lot because of the less personal expenditure. The 2008 global financial crisis has occurred at an unexpected time and many people lost their jobs and forced to cut down their personal expenditure. In fact people cut down their expenditure to save money for the future. At the same time this cutting down of expenditure has resulted in fewer demands for the goods and the fewer demands forced the manufacturers to produce less. In short, the domestic production has come down a lot because of recession and

Health Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Health Information Systems - Essay Example Moreover, implementation of Cisco devices would add more reliability to the existing system and help the professionals to obtain the best results. The medical center is facing several problems, which are giving rise to numerous other critical issues in regards of patient care and medication. In such a state of affair, the board of directors needs to sort out the core problems and make arrangements for the medical center to function properly. The standard of patient care needs to be improved and a feasible technological solution is to be implemented. It is the very duty of the advisory committee to examine the possible options that can aid in the better functioning of the hospital and help the hospital staff in building a standard work culture. There are errors in patient medication, maintenance of lab records and patient charts, prompt communication, etc. Doctors are not getting sufficient, authentic, and timely information of their patients, and nurses are receiving incorrect or incomplete orders from the physicians. There are problems in the radiology department and pathology labs. A combined effect of these problems is culminating at occasional critical incidences and loss of hospital reputation. The idea of the CTO is very much in compliance with the hospital’s genuine requirements. If the medical professionals are enabled to access and exploit the hospital information system anywhere and anytime, several vital issues can be really solved. The following recommendations are intended to create a proper roadmap in this concern: 1. Implementation of IEEE 802.11g: The IEEE 802.11g networks use a 25 MHz channel and a spatial stream with the aid of a single antenna, providing only a single transmit/receive path between all the wireless access points and devices. It can obtain a speed up to 54 Mbps. 2. Implementation of IEEE 802.11n: Using the Multiple Input